Book review: Wealth and poverty of nations (1999), by David Landes, *****

Synopsis

The history of nations is a history of haves and have-nots, and as we approach the millennium, the gap between rich and poor countries is widening. In this engrossing and important new work, eminent historian David Landes explores the complex, fascinating and often startling causes of the wealth and poverty of nations. The answers are found not only in the large forces at work in economies: geography, religion, the broad swings of politics, but also in the small surprising details. In Europe, the invention of spectacles doubled the working life of skilled craftsmen, and played a prominent role in the creation of articulated machines, and in China, the failure to adopt the clock fundamentally hindered economic development.

The relief of poverty is vital to the survival of us all. As David Landes brilliantly shows, the key to future success lies in understanding the lessons the past has to teach us - lessons uniquely imparted in this groundbreaking and vital book which exemplifies narrative history at its best.


Review

Why are some nations so rich and some so poor? One usually hears a... wealth of common sense reasons which however are rather ...poor explanations! Some rich nations are big, some small, and many poor countries are also big or small. So size, in this case, does not matter. Same for natural resources: some rich nations are well endowed but many poor nations are too. Geographic location also seems pretty much irrelevant: some rich countries are in hot regions, some in cold ones. Same for poor countries.

What makes the difference, according to landes, is mostly cultural and ethical factors. A provocative and most informative book. Travelers will find many ideas in this book to understand the economy of countries around the world.

Itinerary of a diving trip to Waigeo, West Papua

This was a great trip on the Dewi Nusantara liveaboard.

You can see pictures from this trip on my Flickr.

You can read my review of a good book on this regions here on this blog.

Cooking class in Singapore at Palate Sensations

As a foodie I love trying most of the food I run into when I travel around the world. The only local delicacy I can remember ever running away from is skewered cockroaches in northern Laos. And even that, should I ever go back, is something I'd be curious to try. Anyway they say insects are the source of proteins for the future.

No such dilemmas in Singapore though. Lots of great food for any taste. This time Luca and I decided to go one step further and actually learn how to cook some local dishes. Not that we are likely to ever try and replicate them at home, though you never know. But cooking something helps you understand better what you are eating. A bit like learning to play an instrument, even at a very basic level, helps you better understand music.

Among the many options available in Singapore I chose to go for Palate Sensations, and was not disappointed. The kitchen was spotless clean (like everything in Singapore) and super equipped with the best of kitchen tools.

Even though there were only three of us they agreed to hold the class and we had lots of fun preparing savoury and sweet dishes. I personally prefer the stir-fried gastronomy in the wok to Asian sweets. We had a perfectly balanced mix of noodles, meats and seafood. At the end of it all, we ate the fruit of our hard labor in the terrace and went back to town for shopping very full and satisfied.

You can see more pictures from this trip to Singapore on my Flickr pages.




















here is a video from our great cooking teacher Shih Erh

Book review: Ah ku and Karayuki San: Prostitution in Singapore, 1870-1940 (1993), by James Francis Warren, *****

Synopsis

Among the many groups of foreign workers whose labor built Singapore in the 20th century, there may be none as marginalized in memory as the women who travelled from China and Japan to work in Singapore as prostitutes.

This definitive study sketches in the trade in women and children in Asia, and -- making innovative use of Coroner's Inquests and other records -- hones in on the details of the prostitutes' lives in the colonial city: the daily brothel routine, crises and violence, social relations, leisure, social mobility for the luckier ones, disease and death.

The result is a powerful historical account of human nature, of human relationships, of pride, prejudice, struggle and spirit. Ordinary people tumble from the pages of the records: they talk about choice of partners, love and betrayal, desperation and alienation, drawing us into their lives.

This social history is a powerful corrective to the romantic image of colonial Singapore as a city of excitement, sophistication, exotic charm and easy sex.

In the years since its original publication in 1992, this book, and its companion Rickshaw Coolie, have become an inspiration to those seeking to come to grips with Singapore's past.

This monograph shows how prostitution flourished in Singapore due to the massive influx of male migrant labourers without a corresponding increase in women immigrants. Another reason was the famine in south-east China and north-west Kyushu, which moved many families to sell their young daughters to traffickers. It describes the two brothel zones set up in Singapore. The VD epidemic that struck following the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Ordinance, as a result of agitation by Victorian moralists in England, is highlighted. As elsewhere, wishing a "problem" away did not solve it, if fact if made it worse. The second part of the text deals with events in the lives of these Chinese and Japanese prostitutes.

Review

Like in his other book on Rickshaw coolies, the author tells us about the history of Singapore around the turn of the XX century as seen by some of the most humble people living there. In particular, we are led through Singapore by the Chinese ah ku (euphemistic Cantonese for lady) and the Japanese karayuki-san (Japanese: the women who went South, to China).

These women were running away from abject poverty at home, and were prepared to take any risk to buy or bribe their way to Singapore in the hope of making a livelihood. But what awaited them in Singapore was not a promised land, but rather violence, hard work, disease, exploitation. Many died violent deaths. Most got VD.

While exploitation was rampant, the exploiters had no easy life. We understand that "to run a good brothel in Singapore around 1900 required courage, shrewd judgement of character, physical stamina on a round-the-clock basis, a decent knowledge of first aid , do-it-yourself gynecology, and skill in self-defense" (p.229)

Some however were able to make a living, pay off their debt and open a brothel of their own. A few lucky or cunning ones were even able to marry one of their clients and become ladies in the Victorian society.

More about prostitution in Singapore today can be read here, including a useful bibliography.

Film review/recensione: The Road Home (1999), by Zhang Yimou, *****

testo italiano di seguito

Synopsis

Businessman Luo Yesheng (Sun Honglei) returns home to the village of Sanhetun following the sudden death of his schoolteacher father. He finds his mother insistent that the funeral be a traditional one, with the coffin carried many miles in procession, so that the deceased will not forget his way home, hence the movie's title. But the village mayor is concerned about the expense such a send-off will incur. As he observes his mother weaving the funeral cloth, Yusheng thinks back to the early days of his parents' passionate courtship, when the 18-year-old Zhao Di (Zhang Ziyi) was swept off her feet by the newly arrived Luo Changyu (Zheng Hao).


Review

This is a film about never giving up and reconstructing lost hope in the face of seemingly impossible odds. A primary role is played by Li Bin, Di's old and blind "grandmother". She tried to dissuade Di from pursuing the teacher, considered to be too elevated in society for a simple family like hers, but gave her wholehearted support when she fell in love. When Di broke a bowl of dumplings she was taking to her loved one, grandmother had it fixed at great expense, even though it would have been cheaper to buy a new one, because THAT bowl was important to Di.

Di learned from her grandma. When a funeral cloth had to be woven for her husband's procession, it was by now old Di who insisted that the only traditional loom in the village be fixed for the purpose.

It is also an interesting film to understand the changes of China from the time of Maoist extremisms  and poverty in the 1950s to the relative freedom and much greater prosperity of the 1990s. In the film we see thinly veiled criticism of the political climate during the "anti-rightist campaign" that takes the teacher away from his school and also symbols of the new China like private cars, a poster of the film "Titanic", the importance of money. (Fundraising for the school took the old Luo out in the cold and caused his death. In previous times it would have been the government's task to find the money.)

See my selection of movies about China here on this blog.

Sinossi

Luo Yusheng, uomo d'affari che lavora in città da molti anni, torna nel luogo natale nella Cina del nord per il funerale del padre, già maestro del villaggio. L'anziana madre vuole che le antiche tradizioni per la cerimonia funebre siano mantenute e così Luo, mentre si impegna per rispettare quel desiderio, ripensa ai racconti sentiti da ragazzo sul fidanzamento dei genitori. Suo padre, Luo Changyu, arrivò nel villaggio come nuovo maestro e ben presto si innamorò di Zhao Di, che viveva con la madre cieca. La ragazza lo ricambiava e, quando tra i due sembrava avviarsi una relazione, Changyu fu richiamato in città per non meglio precisati problemi politici e i due rimasero lontani per oltre due anni. Avuto il permesso di riprendere a fare il maestro, Changyu era tornato in paese. Lui e Zhao Di, più che mai innamorati, si erano finalmente sposati e non si erano più lasciati. Ora il figlio Luo si offre di pagare le persone che, secondo la tradizione, dovranno portare a piedi la bara del padre per molte miglia, dall'ospedale al luogo del villaggio in cui sarà sepolto. Il giorno del funerale tantissimi ex alunni dell'uomo si presentano e spontaneamente si ofrono di portare la bara senza alcun compenso. Prima di tornare in città, Luo dapprima propone alla madre di andare con lui, ma lei rifiuta. Poi onora anche l'ultimo desiderio del padre e per un giorno insegna simbolicamente nella scuola del villaggio.


Recensione

Questo è un film sulla perseveranza. Un ruolo fondamentale lo svolge la "nonna": dapprima cerca di dissuadere la nipotina dal perseguire il sogno d'amore con il maestro, giudicato troppo elevato per la loro umile condizione sociale. Ma quando la giovane insiste la nonna fa di tutto per aiutarla: Di rompe una ciotola che aveva usato per portare piatti prelibati al suo amato e la nonna la fa riparare segretamente, anche se sarebbe stato più economico comprarne una nuova.

Di impara dalla nonna. Flash foward: quando serve un panno funebre per il funerale del marito, l'ormai anziana Di insiste a far riparare l'unico telaio tradizionale del villaggio per farlo a mano, anche se sarebbe stato più facile ed economico comprarne uno al negozio.

Questo è anche un film interessante per capire come è cambiata la Cina dal tempo della povertà e del maoismo estremo degli anni cinquanta fino al periodo di relativamente maggiore libertà e considerevole prosperità degli anni novanta. La critica del maoismo appare anche nell'episodio che vede il maestro portato via dal villaggio per non meglio precisati motivi politici (siamo nel periodo della repressione "anti destra" seguito alla "campagna dei cento fiori").  Si vede anche come negli anni novanta spetti all'iniziativa personale del maestro trovare i fondi (privati) per ricostruire la scuola, mentre in periodi ideologicamente più ortodossi questa sarebbe stata responsabilità della pubblica amministrazione.

Nella versione italiana, ma per qualche ragione non in quella originale sottotitolata in inglese, sono riportate alcuni frasi molto istruttive che il maestro fa imparare ai propri alunni.

Lezione 1: imparare a leggere. Lezione 2: imparare a scrivere. Lezione 3: Imparare a contare. Lezione 4: Tenere un diario (be' questo almeno lo sto facendo). Lezione 5: Imparare a conoscere il presente. Lezione 6: Imparare a conoscere il passato, perché solo così si può costruire il futuro. Lezione7: Avere rispetto per se stessi, perché solo così si può avere rispetto per gli altri.